Makalah tentang clause as exchange (functional grammar)

GRAMMAR

CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE

GROUP:

HANIFAH FAJRIATI (2317)

REYNA FADILLA (2317)

SYLVIA NADILLA (2317)

AIDA PUTRI SARI (2317108)

MARDHATILLA (2317)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT - 5C

IAIN BUKITTINGGI

2019/2020

INTRODUCTION

In study of language, there are many structures of grammar. Grammar is a policy to produce a good sentence. Before become a sentence, the word has a term obey the form. Such as, phrase, clause and then sentence. In this paper, clause has some function in grammatical structure. There are clause as exchange, clause as message, clause as significance of clause as exchange It is about the relationship speakers forge with listeners through the form of language.  Interpersonal in the act of speaking, the speaker adopts for himself a particular speech role, and in so doing assigns to the listener a complementary role that he wishes him to adopt in his turn. Language is interaction process between the speaker and listener. Proposition and proposal question command demanding Statement offer giving information goods & services.

In this paper, we will discuss about clause as exchange (Proposal, proposition, and mood structure).

DICUSSION

A.  What Is Clause?

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself. Clause simultaneously encodes 3 (main) strands of Meaning: Experiential (ideational), interpersonal, and textual (Halliday, 1978).

1. The nature of dialogue

An interpretation of the clause in its function as a message, analysing it as a two-part structure with the elements theme and rheme. We shall now turn to another aspect of the meaning of the clause, its meaning as an exchange. Here the principal grammatical system is that of MOOD. The speaker is not only doing something himself; he is also requiring something of the listener. Typically, therefore, an ‘act’ of speaking is something that might more appropriately be called an interact: it is an exchange, in which giving implies receiving and demanding implies giving in response.

2. The Mood element

a.       Structure of the Mood

When we come to look closely at statements and questions,and at the various responses to which these naturally give rise,we find that in English they are typically expressed by means of a particular kind of grammatical variation: variation which extends over just one part of the clause, leaving the remainder unaffected.

Mood is a system through which interpersonal meanings are realized within the conversation. It consists of two parts:

1)      The subject, which is a nominal group, and

2)       The finite operator, which is part of a verbal group, and the remainder of those parts are called residue.

Example:

They	Are	Discussing	About mathematic
Subject	Finite	Predicator	Adjunct
Mood		Residue

From the structure, we may find that a mood element of an English clause typically consists of subject + finite. The Finite element is one of the small numbers of verbal operators expressing tense, modality and polarity. These are listed below:

Finite verbal operators, Temporal:

Past	Present	Future
Did, was Had, Used to	Does, is Has	Will, shall Would,Should

Modal:

Low	Median	High
Can, may Would, might (dare )	Will, would Is to, was to	Must, ought to Need, Has to, had to

 (Halliday 1994: 76)

These verbal operators also have negative counterparts, e.g. didn’t, won’t, can’t, wouldn’t, mustn’t.

b.      Meaning of Subject and Finite

1)      The Finite element

The Finite element makes the proposition finite:

                                                       I.            Circum scribes the proposition.

                                                    II.            Brings the proposition down to earth, so that it can be argued about

                                                 III.            Gives the proposition a point of reference in the here-and-now: by reference to the time of speaking: PRIMARY  TENSE (the old man was crossing the road)  by reference to the judgement of the speaker: MODALITY (it can’t be true).

Has the function of making the proposition finite. That is to say, it circumscribes it; it brings the proposition down to earth, so that it is something that can be argued about. A good way to make something arguable is to give it a point of reference in the here and now; and this is what the Finite does.

2)      The Subject

“The Subject supplies the rest of what it takes to form a proposition: namely, something by reference to which the proposition can be  affirmed or denied.” “It is perhaps easier to see this principle of responsibility in a proposal (a ‘goods-&-services’ clause), where the Subject specifies the one that is  actually responsible for realizing (i.e.in this case, for carrying out) the off eror command. For example ,in I’ll open the gate, shall I? (offer) the opening depends on me; in Stop shouting, you over there! (command) it is for you to desist or otherwise.”

The Subject supplies the rest of what it takes to form a proposition: namely, something by reference to which the proposition can be affirmed or denied. Here the Subject is dissociated from the Actor; but the Subject still specifies the one who is responsible for the success of the proposal.

3)      A further note on the Subject

The definition of Subject inherited from classical times was a morphological one: it was that nominal element — ‘noun or pronoun’ — that is in the nominative case, and that displays person and number concord with the (finite) verb.

c.       Function of the Mood element

Hence the Mood element has a clearly defined semantic function: it carries the burden of the clause as an interactive event.

3.  Other elements of Mood structure

a.       Structure of the Residue

The Residue contains one Predicator, either one or two Complements, and any number of Adjuncts (typically no more than seven):

The car	Had	four bicycles wheels
Subject	Finite	Complement
Mood		Residue

The residue element it consists of predicator, one or more complement(s), and any number of different types of adjuncts.

a.       Predicator is the verb part of a clause, the bit which tell what’s doing, happening or being. There are also non-finite (to + verb and verb + ing) clauses containing a predicator but no finite element, for example:

So as to give Henry more roo,

To give	Henry	more room
Predicator	Complement	Complement

Halliday (1994: 79) claims that there are two verbs in English which in simple past and simple present tense appears as finite only, without being fused with a distinct element as predicator. These are “be” and “have”

b.      Complement answers the question “is/ had what”, “to whom”, “did to what”. The complements have the potential to be Subject.

Henry Ford built his first car in his backyard.

His first car answers the question: did to (built) what?

c.       Adjunct

Subsequently, Axl will probably sing normally, fortunately.

circumstantial: normally, modal: Mood: probably, modal: Comment: fortunately conjunctive: subsequently.

Circumstantial adjunct answer the question “how”, “when”, “where”, “by whom”. Example: In the symphony was played badly by an amateur orchestra during a concert Saturday night at the Performing Art Centre. “Badly” is an adjunct, answering the question how. “By an amateur orchestra” is an adjunct, answering the question whom. “During a concert and Saturday night” are adjuncts, answering the question when. “At the Performing Art Centre” is an adjunct, answering the question where.

These are all circumstantial adjunct. There are several other types of adjuncts. One of these is centrally relevant to analysis of MOOD. The two which fall outside of mood structure are conjunctive adjunct and comment adjunct. Conjunctive adjunct include item such as, for instance, anyway, moreover, meanwhile, therefore, nevertheless. While comment adjunct express the speakers’ comment on what he/she is saying, such as, frankly, apparently, hopefully, etc.

1.      Interpersonal adjunct

This involves treating a text as a dialogue. Basically, this means dividing the text into things you can argue with. there are two special types which do not follow the same principles of ordering, and do not fall within the Residue at all. These are the modal Adjuncts and the conjunctive Adjuncts.

a.       Mood adjunct, on the other hand, both express interpersonal meanings and do fall within mood structure, more particularly within the mood element. Mood adjuncts relate specifically to the meaning of the finite verbal operators, expressing probability, usuallity, obligation, inclination or time.

b.      Comment adjunct

The difference is that comment Adjuncts are less closely tied to the grammar of mood; they are restricted to ‘indicative’ clauses (those functioning as propositions), and express the speaker’s attitude either to the proposition as a whole or to the particular speech function.

2.      Conjunctive Adjuncts With conjunctive Adjuncts, we come to the limits of the concept of the clause as exchange.

3.      Vocatives and Expletives Another element that figures in the structure of the clause as exchange, but outside the scope of the Mood and Residue, is the Vocative.

1. Polarity

Polarity is the system of ‘yes’ and ‘no’.  Your Work sheet contains examples of unmarked and marked positive, and unmarked and marked negative forms.  Informal written English, it is impossible to distinguish between  unmarked negative and marked negative. Traditional formal grammars therefore recognize only the ‘marked positive’, sometimes labeling it  the ‘Emphatic Mood’.

2. Imperatives The imperative has a different system of PERSON from the indicative. Since the imperative is the mood for exchanging goods-&-services, its Subject is ‘you’ or ‘me’ or ‘you and me’

3. Modality

The system of modality spans the space between the two poles of  positive and negative: He likes Mozart. He certainly likes Mozart. He probably likes Mozart. He possibly likes Mozart. He possibly doesn’t like Mozart. He probably doesn’t like Mozart. He certainly doesn’t like Mozart. He doesn’t like Mozart. This will be the topic for next week.

4. Ellipsis of (part or all of) the Mood

For any clause, there is one choice of Subject that is ‘unmarked’—that  is assumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary. In a giving clause  (off error statement), the unmarked Subject is ‘I’; while in a demanding  clause (question or command), the unmarked Subject is ‘you’.

CONCLUSION

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). Interpersonal meaning (clause as exchange) expresses relations among participants in the situation and the speaker’s own intrusion. (Halliday, 1978:46)

Statements and questions involve exchanges of information and they are called propositions while offers and commands are exchanges of goods and services called proposals. Mood is a system through which interpersonal meanings are realized within the conversation. From the structure, we may find that a mood element of an English clause typically consists of subject + finite.

Reference

M. A. K. Halliday, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, third edition (2004).